Wind Energy Engineering, Second Edition
Author: Pramod Jain, President, Innovative Wind Energy, Inc.
Publisher: McGraw-Hill, New York, April 2016
Links to book:
- Amazon: http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0071843841/
- Publisher: https://www.mhprofessional.com/details.php?isbn=0071843841
Wind Energy Engineering
Author: Pramod Jain, President, Innovative Wind Energy, Inc.
Publisher: McGraw-Hill, New York, September 2010
Link to book:
- Amazon: http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0071714774/
- Publisher: https://www.mhprofessional.com/details.php?isbn=0071714782
Wind Energy Engineering, Chinese translation
Publisher: Machinery Industry Press, November 2012
Link to book:
http://product.dangdang.com/product.aspx?product_id=22904986
Table of Contents
-
Overview of Wind Energy Business
- Introduction
- Worldwide Business of Wind Energy
- Cost of Wind Energy
- Benefits of Wind Energy
- Wind Energy is not a Panacea
-
Basics of Wind Energy
- Introduction
- Kinetic Energy of Wind
- Sensitivity of Power to Rotor Radius and Wind Speed
- Basic Concepts/Equations
- Conservation of mass
- Conservation of Energy
- Conservation of Momentum
- Derivation of Betz Limit
- The Meaning of Betz Limit
- Example 1
- Example 2
- Example 3
- Wind versus Water
-
Properties of Wind
- Introduction
- How is Wind Generated?
- Statistical Distribution of Wind Speed
- Mean and Mode of Weibull Distribution for Wind Speed
- Power Density
- Wind Classes
- Wind Shear
- Understanding Wind Shear
- Density of Air as a Function of Elevation
- Density of Air as a Function of Humidity
-
Aerodynamics of Wind Turbines
- Introduction
- Airfoils
- Relative Velocity of Wind
- Rotor Disk Theory
- Lift Force
- Equal Transit Time Fallacy
- Rotation Fluid Flow, Circulation and Vortices
- Real Fluids
- Flow of Fluid Over an Airfoil.
- Effect of Reynolds number on Lift and Drag Coefficients
- Drag Based Turbines
-
Advanced Aerodynamics of Wind Turbines
- Introduction
- Blade Element Model
- Constant Rotation Speed Turbines, Stall vs Pitch Regulated
- Variable Rotation Speed Turbines
- Power Curves
- Vertical Axis Wind Turbine (VAWT)
-
Wind Measurement
- Introduction
- Definition of Wind Speed
- Configurations to Measure Wind
- Anemometer
- Calibration of Anemometers
- Wind Vane
- Placement of Sensors
- Impact of Inflow Angle
- Impact of Temperature
- Uncertainty in Wind Speed Measurement with Anemometers
- Example of Error Estimate
- Other Sensors
- Data Logger and Communication Device
- Installation of Met-Towers
- Example of Met-Tower Installation
- Data Management
- Data Processing
- Computed Quantities
- Turbulence
- Wind Shear
- Air Density
- Energy Density
- Remote Sensing to Measure Wind Speed
- Pros and Cons of Remote Sensing for Wind Measurements
-
Wind Resource Assessment
- Introduction
- Overview of Wind Resource Assessment
- Source of Wind Data
- Resource Estimation Models
- Mesoscale Models
- CFD Models
- WAsP, A Microscale Model
- Definitions
- Description of WAsP Model
- Output of WAsP Model
- Phases of Resource Assessment
- Preliminary Wind Resource Assessment
- Wind Resource Map Lookup
- Preliminary Analysis of Data from Neighboring Airports and Other Met-Towers
- Detailed Analysis of Wind Data from Neighboring Airports and Other Met-Towers
- Onsite wind measurement
- Spatial Extrapolation of Wind Resources from Measured Locations to Planned Wind Turbine Locations
- Hindcasting/MCP of Measured Data
- Correlate
- Predict
- Annual Energy Computations
-
Advanced Wind Resource Assessment
- Introduction
- Extreme Wind Speed (EWS)
- WAsP Model in Rugged Terrain
- Wake of Turbines
- N.O. Jensen Model for Wake
- Ainslie’s Eddy Viscosity Model
- Combining Wind Speed Deficits from Multiple Turbines
- Turbulence Modeling
- Optimal Layout of Turbines in Wind Farm
- Wind Turbine Class Selection
- Estimation of Losses
- Uncertainty Analysis
- Estimating Uncertainty of Annual Energy Production: Framework for Combining Uncertainty
- Non-Bankable Versus Bankable Resource Estimates
-
Wind Turbine Generator (WTG) Components
- Introduction
- Rotor System
- Blades
- Rotor Hub
- Alternative Configurations Turbines
- Pitch
- Nacelle
- Gearbox
- Yaw Drive
- Nacelle Housing and Frame
- Lifting/Lowering Mechanism
- Towers
- Foundation
- Spread Footing Foundation
- Deep Foundation
- Design Loads of Wind Turbines
- Design Wind Conditions
- Normal Wind Profile model (NWP)
- Extreme Wind Speed Model (EWM)
- Turbine Certification
-
Basics of Electricity and Generators
- Introduction
- Basic Principles of Electromagnetism
- Faraday’s Law of Induction
- Lenz Law
- Lorenz Law or Biot-Savart Law
- Basic Principles of Alternating Current
- Basic Principles of Electrical Machines
- Conversion of Mechanical to Electrical Power
- Synchronous Generator
- Analysis of Synchronous Generator
- Variable Speed Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generators
- Direct Drive Synchronous Generator (DDSG)
- Asynchronous Generators
- Variable Speed
-
Deploying Wind Turbines in Grid
- Introduction
- What Happens On A Grid When There is No Wind?
- “Scheduling” and Dispatch of Wind Resources
- Single Line Diagram
- Transmission and Distribution
- Standards for Interconnection
- Power Factor and Reactive Power
- Low Voltage Ride Through
- Voltage Quality, Flicker and Harmonics
- Short-Circuit Power
- Wind Farm Topologies
- Protection Systems
- Grounding for Over-Voltage and Lightning Protection
- Lightning Protection
- Transformers for Wind Applications
- Wind Plant Interconnection Study and Transmission Study
- Transmission Bottlenecks
- SCADA Systems
- Data Acquisition
- Energy Production Data
- Events and Availability Data
- Machine Condition Data
- Wind Measurement Data
- Reporting
- Control
-
Environmental Impact of Wind Projects
- Introduction
- Framework for Analyzing Environmental Impact
- Quick Comparison of Wind Versus Fossil Fuel Based Electricity Production
- Impact of Wind Farms on Wildlife
- Noise From Wind Turbines
- Mitigation of Noise
- Shadow Flicker
- Aesthetic Impact
- Hazard to Aviation
- Electromagnetic Interference
- Microwave
- TV and Radio Transmissions
- Radar
-
Financial Modeling of Wind Projects
- Introduction
- Financial Model
- Revenue Model
- Retail Rate through Net-Metering
- Renewable Energy Credits and Carbon Credits
- Revenue Computations
- Capital Costs
- Cost of Turbine
- Cost of Foundation, Erection, Access Roads and Other Civil Works
- Substation, Control system, Cables, Installation and Others Related to Grid Connection
- Other Costs
- Operating Costs
- Depreciation and Taxes
- Financial Statements
- Income Statement and Cash Flow for a Wind Project
- Balance Sheet for a Wind Project
- Financial Performance
- Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE)
- Net Present Value (NPV)
- Payback period
- Internal Rate of Return (IRR)
- Impact of Tax Credits and Accelerated Depreciation on Financial Performance
- Financing and Structure of Wind Projects
- Financial Evaluation of Alternatives
-
Planning and Execution of Wind Projects
- Introduction
- High Level Project Plan and Timeline
- Development
- Prospecting
- Wind Measurement and Detailed Wind Assessment
- Project Siting, Interconnection, PPA
- Project Engineering and Procurement
- Project Financing
- Construction, Installation and Commissioning
- Construction of Infrastructure
- Site Preparation
- Foundation Construction and Turbine Erection
- Collection System and Substation construction
- Commissioning
- Operations
-
Index