Wind Energy Engineering | Table of contents

Wind Energy Engineering

Physics, Assessment, Project Design and Turbines

Author: Pramod Jain, President, Innovative Wind Energy, Inc.

Publisher: McGraw-Hill, New York, September 2010

Table of Contents

1. Overview of Wind Energy Business

   1. Introduction
   2. Worldwide Business of Wind Energy
   3. Cost of Wind Energy
   4. Benefits of Wind Energy
   5. Wind Energy is not a Panacea

2. Basics of Wind Energy

   1. Introduction
   2. Kinetic Energy of Wind
   3. Sensitivity of Power to Rotor Radius and Wind Speed
   4. Basic Concepts/Equations
   5. Conservation of mass
   6. Conservation of Energy
   7. Conservation of Momentum
   8. Derivation of Betz Limit
   9. The Meaning of Betz Limit
   10. Example 1
   11. Example 2
   12. Example 3
   13. Wind versus Water

3. Properties of Wind

   1. Introduction
   2. How is Wind Generated?
   3. Statistical Distribution of Wind Speed
   4. Mean and Mode of Weibull Distribution for Wind Speed
   5. Power Density
   6. Wind Classes
   7. Wind Shear
   8. Understanding Wind Shear
   9. Density of Air as a Function of Elevation
   10. Density of Air as a Function of Humidity

4. Aerodynamics of Wind Turbines

   1. Introduction
   2. Airfoils
   3. Relative Velocity of Wind
   4. Rotor Disk Theory
   5. Lift Force
   6. Equal Transit Time Fallacy
   7. Rotation Fluid Flow, Circulation and Vortices
   8. Real Fluids
   9. Flow of Fluid Over an Airfoil.
   10. Effect of Reynolds number on Lift and Drag Coefficients
   11. Drag Based Turbines

5. Advanced Aerodynamics of Wind Turbines

   1. Introduction
   2. Blade Element Model
   3. Constant Rotation Speed Turbines, Stall vs Pitch Regulated
   4. Variable Rotation Speed Turbines
   5. Power Curves
   6. Vertical Axis Wind Turbine (VAWT)

6. Wind Measurement

   1. Introduction
   2. Definition of Wind Speed
   3. Configurations to Measure Wind
   4. Anemometer
   5. Calibration of Anemometers
   6. Wind Vane
   7. Placement of Sensors
   8. Impact of Inflow Angle
   9. Impact of Temperature
   10. Uncertainty in Wind Speed Measurement with Anemometers
   11. Example of Error Estimate
   12. Other Sensors
   13. Data Logger and Communication Device
   14. Installation of Met-Towers
   15. Example of Met-Tower Installation
   16. Data Management
   17. Data Processing
   18. Computed Quantities
   19. Turbulence
   20. Wind Shear
   21. Air Density
   22. Energy Density
   23. Remote Sensing to Measure Wind Speed
   24. Pros and Cons of Remote Sensing for Wind Measurements

7. Wind Resource Assessment

   1. Introduction
   2. Overview of Wind Resource Assessment
   3. Source of Wind Data
   4. Resource Estimation Models
   5. Mesoscale Models
   6. CFD Models
   7. WAsP, A Microscale Model
   8. Definitions
   9. Description of WAsP Model
   10. Output of WAsP Model
   11. Phases of Resource Assessment
   12. Preliminary Wind Resource Assessment
   13. Wind Resource Map Lookup
   14. Preliminary Analysis of Data from Neighboring Airports and Other Met-Towers
   15. Detailed Analysis of Wind Data from Neighboring Airports and Other Met-Towers
   16. Onsite wind measurement
   17. Spatial Extrapolation of Wind Resources from Measured Locations to Planned Wind Turbine Locations
   18. Hindcasting/MCP of Measured Data
   19. Correlate
   20. Predict
   21. Annual Energy Computations

8. Advanced Wind Resource Assessment

   1. Introduction
   2. Extreme Wind Speed (EWS)
   3. WAsP Model in Rugged Terrain
   4. Wake of Turbines
   5. N.O. Jensen Model for Wake
   6. Ainslie’s Eddy Viscosity Model
   7. Combining Wind Speed Deficits from Multiple Turbines
   8. Turbulence Modeling
   9. Optimal Layout of Turbines in Wind Farm
   10. Wind Turbine Class Selection
   11. Estimation of Losses
   12. Uncertainty Analysis
   13. Estimating Uncertainty of Annual Energy Production: Framework for Combining Uncertainty
   14. Non-Bankable Versus Bankable Resource Estimates

9. Wind Turbine Generator (WTG) Components

   1. Introduction
   2. Rotor System
   3. Blades
   4. Rotor Hub
   5. Alternative Configurations Turbines
   6. Pitch
   7. Nacelle
   8. Gearbox
   9. Yaw Drive
   10. Nacelle Housing and Frame
   11. Lifting/Lowering Mechanism
   12. Towers
   13. Foundation
   14. Spread Footing Foundation
   15. Deep Foundation
   16. Design Loads of Wind Turbines
   17. Design Wind Conditions
   18. Normal Wind Profile model (NWP)
   19. Extreme Wind Speed Model (EWM)
   20. Turbine Certification

10. Basics of Electricity and Generators

    1. Introduction
    2. Basic Principles of Electromagnetism
    3. Faraday’s Law of Induction
    4. Lenz Law
    5. Lorenz Law or Biot-Savart Law
    6. Basic Principles of Alternating Current
    7. Basic Principles of Electrical Machines
    8. Conversion of Mechanical to Electrical Power
    9. Synchronous Generator
    10. Analysis of Synchronous Generator
    11. Variable Speed Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generators
    12. Direct Drive Synchronous Generator (DDSG)
    13. Asynchronous Generators
    14. Variable Speed

11. Deploying Wind Turbines in Grid

    1. Introduction
    2. What Happens On A Grid When There is No Wind?
    3. “Scheduling” and Dispatch of Wind Resources
    4. Single Line Diagram
    5. Transmission and Distribution
    6. Standards for Interconnection
    7. Power Factor and Reactive Power
    8. Low Voltage Ride Through
    9. Voltage Quality, Flicker and Harmonics
    10. Short-Circuit Power
    11. Wind Farm Topologies
    12. Protection Systems
    13. Grounding for Over-Voltage and Lightning Protection
    14. Lightning Protection
    15. Transformers for Wind Applications
    16. Wind Plant Interconnection Study and Transmission Study
    17. Transmission Bottlenecks
    18. SCADA Systems
    19. Data Acquisition
    20. Energy Production Data
    21. Events and Availability Data
    22. Machine Condition Data
    23. Wind Measurement Data
    24. Reporting
    25. Control

12. Environmental Impact of Wind Projects

    1. Introduction
    2. Framework for Analyzing Environmental Impact
    3. Quick Comparison of Wind Versus Fossil Fuel Based Electricity Production
    4. Impact of Wind Farms on Wildlife
    5. Noise From Wind Turbines
    6. Mitigation of Noise
    7. Shadow Flicker
    8. Aesthetic Impact
    9. Hazard to Aviation
    10. Electromagnetic Interference
    11. Microwave
    12. TV and Radio Transmissions
    13. Radar

13. Financial Modeling of Wind Projects

    1. Introduction
    2. Financial Model
    3. Revenue Model
    4. Retail Rate through Net-Metering
    5. Renewable Energy Credits and Carbon Credits
    6. Revenue Computations
    7. Capital Costs
    8. Cost of Turbine
    9. Cost of Foundation, Erection, Access Roads and Other Civil Works
    10. Substation, Control system, Cables, Installation and Others Related to Grid Connection
    11. Other Costs
    12. Operating Costs
    13. Depreciation and Taxes
    14. Financial Statements
    15. Income Statement and Cash Flow for a Wind Project
    16. Balance Sheet for a Wind Project
    17. Financial Performance
    18. Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE)
    19. Net Present Value (NPV)
    20. Payback period
    21. Internal Rate of Return (IRR)
    22. Impact of Tax Credits and Accelerated Depreciation on Financial Performance
    23. Financing and Structure of Wind Projects
    24. Financial Evaluation of Alternatives

14. Planning and Execution of Wind Projects

    1. Introduction
    2. High Level Project Plan and Timeline
    3. Development
    4. Prospecting
    5. Wind Measurement and Detailed Wind Assessment
    6. Project Siting, Interconnection, PPA
    7. Project Engineering and Procurement
    8. Project Financing
    9. Construction, Installation and Commissioning
    10. Construction of Infrastructure
    11. Site Preparation
    12. Foundation Construction and Turbine Erection
    13. Collection System and Substation construction
    14. Commissioning
    15. Operations

15. Index